DFN model:A new modelling technology for fracture;
DFN模型裂缝建模新技术
However,the application of the concept of natural obligation is in confusion and it s necessary to understand it correctly,make clear the differences from such legal system with same consequences as obligations without liabilities as well as payment by illegal causes.
自然债务是一项源起于罗马法的法律制度,各国民法也有相关规定和学说,但是在自然债务的概念使用上比较混乱,有必要对其加以正本清源,明确其与无责任之债务、不法原因给付等具有相同法律后果的法律制度的区别,并明确自然债务为无(胜)诉权保护的债权,在民法典制定过程中,对自然债务进行原则性的规定。
A natural obligation may be defined as an obligation that cannot be compelled to be enforceable by creditor via litigation, but can be recognized as a valid praestare by the law that excludes condictio indebiti and repetitio solution once the debtor spontaneously makes the commitment.
自然债务是指债权人不能依诉强制履行,但是债务人一旦为给付,则构成有效清偿,债务人不得基于非债清偿而请求返还的债务。
The performance will after limitation of action activates the legal effect of natural obligations.
本文认为,诉讼时效完成后债务人的履行意思激活了自然债务原有的法律效力,通过债务人的承认,使不具法律强制履行力的自然债务又回复了其原有的法律属性,即该种承认使不具法律强制履行力的债务获得了法律上的强制性和义务性的属性。
Therefore, it is necessary to probe into the confusing legal effects of natural debt and corresponding regulations.
因此,有必要对实务中最使人困惑的自然债务的法律效力及其法律适用问题进行深入探讨。
Legal Problem on Natural Obligation--On Relation of Legal and Morality in Harmony Society;
自然债务法律问题探讨——兼论和谐社会下的法律与道德
The creditor's right of the obligor is not exclusively personal to it.
（四）债务人的债权不是专属于债务人自身的债权。
"Safeguarding the Rights" of "Natural Creditors Rights" --Whether the creditors "missing the period of the validity of lawsuit" can realize the right when the debtors bankrupt;
“自然债权”的“维权”——“过了诉讼时效”的债权人在债务人破产时能否实现权利
To appoint(one's debtor)as a debtor to one's creditor in place of oneself.
债务转移将自己的债务人转移给自己的债权人
Some liabilities are contingent.
有些债务是偶然发生。
However, the proprietor is personally responsible for all of the company's debts, thus making it more difficult to raise capital.
然而，企业主得独自负责公司债务，因此较难募集资本。
"So I pay myself first, invest the money, and let the creditors yell. I generally pay them right away anyway."
因此我首先支付自己,进行投资,然后让债权人大喊大叫,但我都会清偿债务。
restrain from independence by an obligation.
被债务约束而不能自主。
Except where such creditor’s right is exclusively personal to the obligor.
但该债权专属于债务人自身的除外。
The creditor has the debtor's land transferred to him in settlement.
债权人可在清算中将债务人的土地转归自己。
He compounded with his creditors for a remission of what he owed .
他与自己的债权人达成协议，免除了他的债务。
Next he undertook to pay off the debts.
然后他同意负责偿还债务。
Get out of debt before buying anything new.
必须先还清债务然后再置办物品。
Deutsche Bank is experimenting with markets in“ event-loss swaps”- natural-disaster versions of the debt market's credit-default swaps.
德意志银行正在市场中试用“损失掉期”—债务市场信贷违约掉期的自然灾害品种。
yet he himself was now head over ears in government bonds!
然而他自己现在却也钻在公债里了！
The firm went into voluntary liquidation.
那家商号自动停业清算债务.
A debtor may file for bankruptcy,which is called "voluntary bankruptcy".
债务人可以申请破产，这叫做“自愿破产”。
He was in despair of ever being able to pay off his debts.
他对自己偿还债务的能力感到绝望。